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temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD or TMJD), also known as temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome and temporomandibular disorder among others, is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of the muscles of mastication (the muscles that move the jaw) and the temporomandibular joints (the joints which connect the mandible to the skull). The most important feature is pain, followed by restricted mandibular movement,〔 and noises from the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) during jaw movement. Although TMD is not life-threatening, it can be detrimental to quality of life, because the symptoms can become chronic and difficult to manage. About 20% to 30% of the adult population are affected to some degree. Usually people affected by TMD are between 20 and 40 years of age,〔 and it is more common in females than males.〔 TMD is the second most frequent cause of orofacial pain after dental pain (i.e. toothache).〔
TMD is a symptom complex rather than a single condition, and it is thought to be caused by multiple factors.〔〔 However, these factors are poorly understood,〔 and there is disagreement as to their relative importance. There are many treatments available,〔 although there is a general lack of evidence for any treatment in TMD, and no widely accepted treatment protocol exists. Common treatments that are used include provision of occlusal splints, psychosocial interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy, and medications like analgesics (pain killers) or others. Most sources now agree that no irreversible treatment should be carried out for TMD.〔
==Classification==
TMD is considered by some to be one of the 4 major symptom complexes in chronic orofacial pain, along with burning mouth syndrome, atypical facial pain and atypical odontalgia. TMD has been considered as a type of musculoskeletal,〔 neuromuscular,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.aadronline.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3465#TMD )〕 or rheumatological disorder.〔 It has also been called a functional pain syndrome,〔 and a psychogenic disorder.〔 Others consider TMD a "central sensitivity syndrome", in reference to evidence that TMD might be caused by a centrally mediated sensitivity to pain. It is hypothesized that there is a great deal of similarity between TMD and other pain syndromes like fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, headache, chronic lower back pain and chronic neck pain. These disorders have also been theorized to be caused by centrally mediated sensitivity to pain, and furthermore they often occur together.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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